Calibración vs estimación

La economía como ciencia social siempre esta en conflicto, pero este conflicto probablemente es el que la haga avanzar y mejorar a cada paso. Uno de estos conflictos es el que afecta a la metodología a la hora de hacer las investigaciones. Unos, los defensores de la llamada “estimación” y la econometría más clásica, defienden el uso de los datos y la evidencia empírica, los otros, más defensores de poner límites al empirismo con el uso de la “teoría”, usando la técnica conocida como “calibración”. En este trabajo miraremos a este debate “Calibración vs estimación” desde un punto de vista de la calibración e intentado observar como este debate ha enriquecido a la ciencia económica.Graduado o Graduada en Economía por la Universidad Pública de NavarraEkonomian Graduatua Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa

Graphene-based electrodes for silicon heterojunction solar cell technology

Transparent conductive electrodes based on graphene have been previously proposed as an attractive candidate for optoelectronic devices. While graphene alone lacks the antireflectance properties needed in many applications, it can still be coupled with traditional transparent conductive oxides, further enhancing their electrical performance. In this work, the effect of combining indium tin oxide with between one and three graphene monolayers as the top electrode in silicon heterojunction solar cells is analyzed. Prior to the metal grid deposition, the electrical conductance of the hybrid electrodes was evaluated through reflection-mode terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. The obtained conductance maps showed a clear electrical improvement with each additional graphene sheet. In the electrical characterization of the finished solar cells, this translated to a meaningful reduction in the series resistance and an increase in the devices’ fill factor. On the other hand, each additional sheet absorbs part of the incoming radiation, causing the short circuit current to simultaneously decrease. Consequently, additional graphene monolayers past the first one did not further enhance the efficiency of the reference cells. Ultimately, the increase obtained in the fill factor endorses graphene-based hybrid electrodes as a potential concept for improving solar cells’ efficiency in future novel designs.This research was funded by DIGRAFEN, grant number ENE2017–88065-C2-2-R. The APC was funded by the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness from Spain. das-Nano and UPNA would also like to acknowledge the funding from the Government of Navarra and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), 2020 I + D projects: ref. 0011-1365-2020-000026 for das-Nano and ref. 0011-1365-2020-000045 for UPNA

La severidad del fuego como factor control de la regeneración edáfica: una revisión bibliográfica

Los incendios forestales constituyen uno de los factores de modelado del medio natural más importantes en el ámbito Mediterráneo. Uno de los conceptos clave en el estudio de la afección que éstos tienen sobre los ecosistemas es la severidad del fuego. El propósito de este trabajo es comprender el significado actual del concepto de severidad mediante el estudio de la evolución del mismo; así como analizar el efecto de la severidad sobre los diferentes componentes del suelo, a través de la bibliografía existente. Como resultado, se evalúa el comportamiento hidrogeomorfológico de los suelos tras el fuego en función de su severidad, examinando posibles alteraciones en infiltración, escorrentía, erosión y, por tanto, en la regeneración ambiental de los suelos

Effects of Reducing Wind-Induced Trajectory Uncertainty on Sector Demand

In this paper, a first step to analyse the effects of reducing the uncertainty of aircraft trajectories on sector demand is presented. The source of uncertainty is wind, forecasted by Ensemble Prediction Systems, which are composed of different possible atmosphere realizations. A trajectory predictor determinesthe routes to be followed by the different flights to reduce the uncertainty of the arrival times. The sector demand is described in terms of entry count, that is, the number of flights entering the sector during a selected time period, which is uncertain because so are the the entry times to the sector. Results are presented for a realistic application, where the dispersion of the entry count isshown to be reduced when the dispersion of the arrival times is also reduced.This work is part of the project TBO-Met. This project has received funding from the SESAR Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No 699294 under European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programm

El comportamiento hidrológico de una cuenca de bancales abandonados en el Camero Viejo, La Rioja.

Los bancales han jugado un papel fundamental en el desarrollo económico de las sociedades de montaña mediterránea. Debido a los avances tecnológicos y al descenso de la presión demográfica, se produjeron grandes cambios a lo largo del siglos XIX y XX, en estas áreas rurales, originando el abandono y posterior deterioro de los bancales. Nuevos procesos cobran ahora importancia en estos espacios, afectando a las dinámicas hidrológicas y geomorfológicas de las laderas. A lo largo de este trabajo se analizan los datos de crecidas de una pequeña cuenca de bancales abandonados, con el objetivo de determinar cómo se comporta el sistema hidrológico. <br /

Uncovering the complex genetics of human temperament

Experimental studies of learning suggest that human temperament may depend on the molecular mechanisms for associative conditioning, which are highly conserved in animals. The main genetic pathways for associative conditioning are known in experimental animals, but have not been identified in prior genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of human temperament. We used a data-driven machine learning method for GWAS to uncover the complex genotypic-phenotypic networks and environmental interactions related to human temperament. In a discovery sample of 2149 healthy Finns, we identified sets of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that cluster within particular individuals (i.e., SNP sets) regardless of phenotype. Second, we identified 3 clusters of people with distinct temperament profiles measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory regardless of genotype. Third, we found 51 SNP sets that identified 736 gene loci and were significantly associated with temperament. The identified genes were enriched in pathways activated by associative conditioning in animals, including the ERK, PI3K, and PKC pathways. 74% of the identified genes were unique to a specific temperament profile. Environmental influences measured in childhood and adulthood had small but significant effects. We confirmed the replicability of the 51 Finnish SNP sets in healthy Korean (90%) and German samples (89%), as well as their associations with temperament. The identified SNPs explained nearly all the heritability expected in each sample (37-53%) despite variable cultures and environments. We conclude that human temperament is strongly influenced by more than 700 genes that modulate associative conditioning by molecular processes for synaptic plasticity and long-term memory

Temperament & Character account for brain functional connectivity at rest: A diathesis-stress model of functional dysregulation in psychosis

The human brain’s resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) provides stable trait-like measures of differences in the perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and social functioning of individuals. The rsFC of the prefrontal cortex is hypothesized to mediate a person’s rational self-government, as is also measured by personality, so we tested whether its connectivity networks account for vulnerability to psychosis and related personality configurations. Young adults were recruited as outpatients or controls from the same communities around psychiatric clinics. Healthy controls (n = 30) and clinically stable outpatients with bipolar disorder (n = 35) or schizophrenia (n = 27) were diagnosed by structured interviews, and then were assessed with standardized protocols of the Human Connectome Project. Data-driven clustering identified five groups of patients with distinct patterns of rsFC regardless of diagnosis. These groups were distinguished by rsFC networks that regulate specific biopsychosocial aspects of psychosis: sensory hypersensitivity, negative emotional balance, impaired attentional control, avolition, and social mistrust. The rsFc group differences were validated by independent measures of white matter microstructure, personality, and clinical features not used to identify the subjects. We confirmed that each connectivity group was organized by differential collaborative interactions among six prefrontal and eight other automatically-coactivated networks. The temperament and character traits of the members of these groups strongly accounted for the differences in rsFC between groups, indicating that configurations of rsFC are internal representations of personality organization. These representations involve weakly self-regulated emotional drives of fear, irrational desire, and mistrust, which predispose to psychopathology. However, stable outpatients with different diagnoses (bipolar or schizophrenic psychoses) were highly similar in rsFC and personality. This supports a diathesis-stress model in which different complex adaptive systems regulate predisposition (which is similar in stable outpatients despite diagnosis) and stress-induced clinical dysfunction (which differs by diagnosis)